What was the significance of the conflict between Philip IV and Boniface VIII? Before Boniface became pope, Peter Morne (later Celestine V) was chosen as pope. People liked him, but…
Based on the video lessons and your reading, what were the reasons behind the conflicts between the emperors and the popes during this period? It all started with Frederick Barbarossa.…
What was a major innovation of the Gothic cathedral? How did the architecture of the cathedral reflect the prevailing idea of God? Contrary to Romanesque cathedrals, which had thick walls,…
How does Thomas Aquinas, following Aristotle, argue for the existence of God on the basis of the concepts of potency and act (or potentiality and actuality)? Aristotle argued that things…
What kinds of developments occurred during the renaissance of the 12th century? It has started with the "Classical Revival", which was the rediscovery of classical literature and works from Rome,…
What did the Albigensians believe? The Albigensians were like Manichaeans; they believed in two gods, where one was good and one was evil. They believed the spirit is good, but…
What are some common misconceptions about the Crusades, and why are they incorrect? Crusaders are fixated on wealth Research has shown that crusaders were already wealthy, with much land in…
What was the Great Schism? What factors brought it on? The Great Schism was a religious division in the Christian world between Catholics (West) and Orthodox (East). Catholics accept the…
What were the problems besetting the Church in the tenth and eleventh centuries? What was "moderate reform"? Church became entangled in the feudal system: bishops and abbots held their offices…
A direct exchange (or barter) occurs when we exchange consumption or producer goods with someone else.* It can be an apple exchanged for an orange or it can be a…